Haitian Revolution

Rationale The researcher chose to investigate this topic because she is solely interested I finding out why Haiti’s socio-economic structure deteriorated after the Haitian Revolution ended in 1804. It has always been the curiosity of the researcher to discover Haiti’s state prior to this major revolt and also to find out the factors which caused the socio-economic break down of the colony. This research seeks to educate the researcher and whoever may read it in an effort to broaden their knowledge on Haiti’s socio-economic structure and why it is the way it is.Introduction The Haitian Revolution was a strategy used by African slaves in Haiti to resist slavery. In the 18th century, Haiti was the richest colony in the entire Caribbean and was the largest market of cane sugar. They accounted for half the sugar used in the Americas and Europe; they also produced cotton, coffee and indigo which were also used in developing France socially and economically.Even though Haiti was very successful in its own and France’s economical endeavours, the strategy used was somewhat detriment as they applied brutal measures to the enslaved who worked on their plantations. According to Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems written by Hilary McD Beckles and Verene A. Shepherd, it was the background of the civil war between the free mixed race and French communities and their mutual opposition to French domination, that those enslaved on the 22nd of August 1791, launched the greatest revolt for freedom from slavery ever known.Due to the revolt that lasted for thirteen long years, there was mass destruction in property, plantations and loss of many lives. These resulted in the break down of the socio-economic structure and further more the economy. This research will address the socio-economic state of Haiti or previously known as ‘St. Domingue’ prior to the revolt and the factors that contributed to the deterioratio n of its socio-economic break down which will be used to prove that it was the Haitian Revolution that destroyed the  French colony. Haitian Revolution RationaleThe researcher chose to investigate this topic because she is solely interested I finding out why Haiti’s socio-economic structure deteriorated after the Haitian Revolution ended in 1804. It has always been the curiosity of the researcher to discover Haiti’s state prior to this major revolt and also to find out the factors which caused the socio-economic break down of the colony. This research seeks to educate the researcher and whoever may read it in an effort to broaden their knowledge on Haiti’s socio-economic structure and why it is the way it is.IntroductionThe Haitian Revolution was a strategy used by African slaves in Haiti to resist slavery. In the 18th century, Haiti was the richest colony in the entire Caribbean and was the largest market of cane sugar. They accounted for half the sugar used in the Americas and Europe; they also produced cotton, coffee and indigo which were also used in developing France socially and economically.Even though Ha iti was very successful in its own and France’s economical endeavours, the strategy used was somewhat detriment as they applied brutal measures to the enslaved who worked on their plantations. According to Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems written by Hilary McD Beckles and Verene A. Shepherd, it was the background of the civil war between the free mixed race and French communities and their mutual opposition to French domination, that those enslaved on the 22nd of August 1791, launched the greatest revolt for freedom from slavery ever known.Due to the revolt that lasted for thirteen long years, there was mass destruction in property, plantations and loss of many lives. These resulted in the break down of the socio-economic structure and further more the economy. This research will address the socio-economic state of Haiti or previously known as ‘St. Domingue’ prior to the revolt and the factors that contributed to the deterioration of its socio-economic break down which will be used to prove that it was the Haitian Revolution that destroyed the French colony.The Effects of the Haitian Revolution after it ended in 1804

Problems Combining Work And School Essay

Combining work and school is not easy task. Now days it is very difficult for the college students to manage college tuition and their expenses. It becomes very difficult for the students to make a balance between the two. So to handle the increasing expenses and high tuition fees it becomes necessary to work and make some extra money. Combining work and school leads to several problems such as it affects studies, too little time for self and too little time to socialize. It also affects the health like due to excessive working hours the person becomes so tired that he doesn’t want to cook and eats more of fast food which affects the health College students who try to juggle job and school together find trouble at school. Early morning classes, for example, are particularly very difficult. Because they work every week night from noon to midnight, and reach home late in the night fully tired and exhausted, due to working late till midnight and have little time to do all the ass igned reading and homework due to this they get behind in the assignments, and never seem to have enough time to catch up which leads to poor grades and affects the GPA. Sometimes student’s work hours create other conflicts like due to extra workload from the employer they have to skip the classes. Working part time and study gives too little time to spend with family and to socialize. By the time I reach home in midnight everybody in the family is sleeping and after the tiring day at work and school I do not even get few minutes to spend with family and kids. By the time they wake up I have to leave for my school to attend the morning classes. I am not able to attend family functions such as birthdays, marriages etc due to my work. On the other hand when it comes to socializing with friends like going together on trips and having fun I cannot go with them because of my work and the classes. Even on the weekends when everybody is enjoying except me because I work on the weekends to make money. Even though I am missing a lot in my life but I have no other choice. I have to work to support my family and continue education. To avoid these kind of experience’s students try to be organized, and have time management  but most of the time they are unsuccessful because of the work the working hours are too much that they are not able to give time to other activiti es. A person cannot focus on too many things like family, health, friends etc during working and studying. Ultimately one of them has to suffer. To avoid these kind of experience’s students have to be organized, and have time management or they may get overwhelm in their daily schedule. In conclusion I can say that combining work and school is not easy and requires a lot of hard work.

Fashion and art in the last decades of the twentieth century Essay

Fashion and art in the last decades of the twentieth century - Essay Example The paper "Fashion and art in the last decades of the twentieth century" concerns the art and fashion in the context of the twentieth century. When the word fashion is mentioned, the thing that first comes to mind is the flash of colors and the dashes of glamour but fashion has more to do with ideas: ideas that pop up when one is walking in the streets, the way that we live our lives as well as what is happening of late. Fashion for many people is clothes that people wear but the truth of matter surrounding the whole concept is different as this analytic essay will further illustrate. Art can be described as an expression of the human skills as well as imaginations in a form that may either be visual, in that the art may be painted, sculptured or adored as well as appreciated for the aesthetic powers that it posses. One of the things that we can establish from the definition of art is that it comes a great deal close to what fashion can be described as apart from the way that the two are expressed physically. As an underlying similarity, we see that art and fashion are both involved in the ‘expression of one’s ideas’. By the definition what most people believe fashion is, the latest styling of hair, clothes as well as decoration and behavior, it cannot be described as an art due to the fact that an art can be described as an application or an expression of the ‘existent human skills’. As well as imagination so as to come up with something that can be described as breathtaking significance.... The world is in constant change and art as well as fashion an be in some detail be described as a culture. One of the basic things that make fashion more of an art is the sense that since the 20th century, art has been increasingly used as a form of expression as art is in a lot of ways. One of the reasons that the lines between fashion and art are blurring are due to the fact that fashion as to the levels that it has reached today since the 20th century is one of the most obtainable forms of what we can call art today due to the fact that it is one of the most basic things that we as humans use so as in the identification of the identities of others as well as an expression of our own4. Fashion or even art in this matter is difficult due to the fact that over the long periods of time that the word has been used, different implications have been used throughout times in history due to the ‘changes in social customs’ as well as the people that are existent in different st ructures of the society (Stecker, 1996). An example on the expounding of the latter statement is that presently, fashion occupies what can be described in the modern day as the center ground for the understanding of the present day culture. The evolution of art and fashion Times have evolved and as of late, everything as we know it is becoming more modern, starting from the simple basics such as the way that we think to almost all of the things that we do. Art can now be categorized as a broader term and as opposed to what many people think, it might not always have to involve the use of a paper and a pencil. Artists as well as the fashion designers throughout many instances in history have come to appreciate

Business law - contracts, summary to UCC, and FIRAC on a case Essay

Business law - contracts, summary to UCC, and FIRAC on a case - Essay Example Besides, there is not evidence that can act as a proof. Yes, since Light did not produce the quality services, which they had agreed and contracted prior the start of the exercise. In addition, the liquidated damages were also evident in the contract, which they had instituted besides each swearing to fulfill. No. This is because after Hart had entered into a contract with Brand Smith Roofing, he wrote to them two times before and after contracting with Broadview Roofing & Remodeling Inc. Brand Smith Roofing did not respond and nowhere making efforts to resurface, but continued to make Hart wait indefinitely. Unfortunately, during the case ruling, the magistrate unlawfully favors Brand Smith Roofing. Since, he failed to enforce the compensation of damages incurred by Hart. Yes. Because, Creighton University after assuring Ross of undivided attention regarding helping him to improve the academic prowess, it prompted him do courses that could not enable in the attainment of a degree. These encompass marksmanship and theory of basketball, though, he had failed with a D (96/128 marks). The statute refutes the enforcement of goods worth $500 or over especially in the event of action or defense (LII). This is only applicable where there is an indication of a contract, which proves there was an agreement made besides the signature (by the complainant either via his broker or via the agent) that allowed occurrence of the intended transaction (subsection 1). Suppose the aforementioned case (subsection 1) entails merchants within a rational duration, there will be receiving of written confirmation against the sender (LII). Here, the recipient has the privilege of knowing its contents, which have to satisfy the above case where its objection will be by a written notice offered within ten days after receiving. Additionally, contract that does not effectively

What were the main lessons from the Falklands for joint capability, Essay

What were the main lessons from the Falklands for joint capability, and were they successfully incorporated into defence policy during the 1980s - Essay Example Specifically, the superpowers – the Soviet Union and the United States – displayed keen interest and the war and subsequently used the lessons from this experience in order to realign their own military strategy, doctrine, logistics and weapons system. The Falkland War had, in the days after its end, would be fundamental in the reform of the whole spectrum of conventional war during the modern times. There are several schools that posit the importance of the conflict. For military reformers, the Falkland underscored the need for inexpensive and even less expensive ships. On the other hand, the traditionalists argue in favor of an increase funding for more supercarriers – high-technology ships that would strengthen the capability command and control. Out of all the differences in this debate, however, there lies the fact that discourse is already focused on the value of amphibious war capability to gain advantage in armed conflict. Alexander and Bartlett observed: Indeed, the Falklands War seemed to revalidate all components of naval warfare. Even before the Royal Marines stormed ashore near San Carlos, thoughtful observers had begun to reappraise the utility of naval armed suasion.2 This reference to contemporary analysis can be read from the newspaper column of George Will in the Washington Post in April 25, 1982. He expressed the following statement in regard to the then on-going war further south: This is the moment to explode the belief that the use of naval forces for political objectives – gunboat diplomacy is the preferred epithet – is an anachronism. And it is time for renewed appreciation of the role of naval forces in the US – Soviet balance.3 To further illustrate the British victory during the Falkland War, the British military situation prior to the conflict would be outlined. Then, a brief account of the conflict would be provided. After this, an investigation on the impact of the

Legalization of marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legalization of marijuana - Essay Example Therefore, this paper will seek ideas to develop an argument for and against legalization of marijuana, through elaboration of the ideas from different sources. Prohibition of marijuana is considered a misguided and ineffective policy, which has not contributed to reduction of marijuana consumption, since the government use funds to implement the policy, instead of collecting tax revenue from sales of legal marijuana. The government spends over ten billion dollars every year on enforcement of drug laws, thus resulting to cost of drug prohibition being wasted on the law enforcement resources. Therefore, government should impose a tax on sales of marijuana, hence eliminate the violence related to the organized drug trafficking (Edelson, 2012). Legalization of marijuana is also associated with a positive impact of lowering the crimes, since the regulation of drugs distribution can result to a reduction of the drug disputes, hence decreasing drug related crimes, besides, the use of marijuana can no longer be considered a crime resulting to a decreased number of criminals. Moreover, the prices of marijuana would decrease, thus cause a subsequent reduction in the crimes such as theft cases. On the other hand, prohibition of marijuana results to thousands arrests annually involving non-violent offences. The legalization would also make the police officers focus on serious crimes such as robberies, sexual assaults, violence, child abuse, burglaries and drunk driving. A relationship has been established between abuses of food intakes and the top ten leading causes of deaths in the world, but marijuana has never been mentioned; thus, there are no death tolls related to use or abuse of cannabis. In fact, the use of marijuana has not shown evidence related to causing health problems like cancer or heart disease; hence, it is considered harmless. Nevertheless, there

Main Stream Rap causes social problems in minority communities Essay

Main Stream Rap causes social problems in minority communities - Essay Example Such portrayal highlights negative stereotypes and suggests lesser moral and ethical standards for African Americans compared to that of other American citizens. The vast majority of popular programming displays African Americans in stereotypical dispositions that beg the assumption that blacks gain prosperity strictly through the avenues of sports and entertainment, not education. Thus, many black youth develop unrealistic goals and dreams that lead to dead end lifestyles. Many of the most popular television and music attractions aimed towards black audiences promotes the worship of money, drugs, sex, violence, and disrespect to authority. Those themes are in direct conflict with the themes of the â€Å"American Dream† which guarantees success to those who strive for education and commit to a lifetime of hard work. Mass media glorification of the black entertainer coupled with the seemingly blind eye given by mass media to blacks excelling in other areas outside of sports and entertainment give black youth a limited scope of ambition while leading many down the path highlighted by the many social and economic problems present today in the black community. II Abstract The factors that affect the academic and athletic experiences of the African Americans relate to cultural, economic and stereotyping factors. The last factor is mainly psychological. The Whites generally approves an African American while he excels in the area of sports and entertainment whereas he does not wish him well in the fields related to excellence of intellect. The purpose of this study is to explore and explain the threat of stereotypes amongst the African Americans and that threat is mainly from sportspersons and the stars of the entertainment industry. The younger generation turns out to be their blind followers and that they do by neglecting education. Discriminatory treatment of African Americans in fields other than entertainment and sports is also an issue. Racial socializat ion is also a factor that creates hurdles in their path of career advancement in other areas. Unable to counter several multifaceted factors like financial, social and historical they submit to the easy options available and look forward to the role models in the avenues of entertainment and sports. As for the psychological agony they often experience, the impact of the historical context cannot be ruled out. Role models, sports stars, media and family environment continue to influence their dispositions at the cost of education. III Introduction Mass media plays the dominant role in depicting and shaping the personality of the African Americans. But the prime goal of the media is to increase their audience, consequently profits, unfortunately though. Their favorite subjects are drug use, gang violence, violence and all sorts of antisocial dispositions. Thus media has contributed to wrong and unfriendly opinion about the African Americans. The media have enough historical stuff to m ake stories and continue to picture African Americans as second-class citizens. As such African Americans continue to

As the growth of the number of elderly increase, so does the need for Essay

As the growth of the number of elderly increase, so does the need for Licensed Practical Nurses - Essay Example (U.S.) and Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010, p.423) which assert that â€Å"employment of LPNs is expected to grow by 21 percent between 2008 and 2018†¦in response to the long-term care needs of an increasingly elderly population†. This is because the elderly have greater chances of getting injuries, illnesses and other diseases because of which they need twenty four hour care that is only possible in nursing homes. Also, the trend of moving the elderly to nursing homes is increasing because they often need full time care if they are suffering from disorders like Alzheimer’s disease due to which their attendance at home is not possible. So, adult children find it feasible to move their elderly parents to nursing homes and the trend is increasing due to which there will be need for more LPNs in future. Since, the nursing homes can provide them with high quality healthcare services which help the elderly to live longer and stay healthy, thus their demand is rising re sulting in good job prospects for LPNs especially in rural areas. In early times, the proportion of the elderly population was relatively low due to which the dependent older people were looked after at home.

Contemporary Issues In Accounting And Finance Essay

Contemporary Issues In Accounting And Finance - Essay Example 3, citing a 1966 definition). At the same time, accounting is grounded on philosophical assumptions about knowledge and on the â€Å"relationship between theory and practice†. Meanwhile, for Oatley (2001), financial regulation is about regulating banks to protect depositors and shareholders. For Carvajal et al. (2009), financial regulation is something more encompassing because its key objective is to â€Å"ensure that all financial activities that may pose systemic risks are appropriately overseen.† The same perspective is also in Truman (2009). For Carvajal et al. (2009), the scope or perimeter of financial liberation involves three aspects. First, it must provide regulators with the widest view of the status of regulation action. Second, it must enable regulators to monitor and respond to risks. Finally or third, it must provide regulators with early warnings of risks. The subject area of financial regulation is important because we have a highly â€Å"financialized economy† worldwide (Andersson et al. 2010). Accounting is important for managers (Webster 2004). At the same time, accounting financial statements can provide regulators with important tools through which they can monitor the financial system, check on the progress of regulation, and anticipate possible risks so they can be addressed or eliminated (Taylor 2009). Accounting financial statements can also be used to monitor the performance of nongovernmental organisations (Morgan 2010). Financial regulation, however, is not entirely dependent on financial statements because financial regulation can cover all of the economy while financial statements from accounting cover only the economic conditions of firms or group of firms under a conglomerate (Borio and Tsatsaronis 2005; HM Treasury 2010). For example, financial regulators would also be monitoring liquidity, interest rates, capital flows, and other macroeconomic variables, not merely financial statements. Another type of reg ulation also uses financial statements but is different from financial regulation: strengthening corporate governance. Academic research contributed to the sciences or fields of accounting, financial regulation, and corporate governance. In the process, academic research protected and advanced modern living and, thus, it can be said that academic research improved our lives. Although not all journal articles are academic research, I review a few accounting journals to illustrate how academic research has been developing the field of accounting and, relatedly, financial regulation. In doing so, I will attempt to illustrate how academic research contributes to protecting and advancing life (Humphrey and Lee 2004; Sterling 1975). Barth and Landsman (2010) examined how financial reporting contributed to the financial crisis. They concluded that fair value accounting played little or no role in the financial crisis. Unfortunately, however, the lack of transparency in securitization and d erivatives misled investors from assessing properly property values and the risk of bank assets and liabilities (Barth and Landsman 2010). Because of this, they proposed to require banks to â€Å"recognize whatever assets and liabilities they have after the securitization† to reflect better the â€Å"underlying economics† of banks. Further, they recommended â€Å"disclosure of more disaggregated information, disclosure of the sensitivity of derivative fair values to changes in market risk variables,

Adelphia Scandal Essay Example for Free

Adelphia Scandal Essay Adelphia was founded in 1952 by John Rigas and his brother Gus Rigas in Coudersport, Pennsylvania with the purchase of their first cable franchise for $300. After 20 years, the Rigas brothers incorporated their company under the name Adelphia which derived its name from a Greek word which means brothers, an apt corporate title for a business that would employ generations of the Rigas family. Adelphia was a cable television company and built its success on a strong commitment to customer care; and because of this commitment, a glorious growth spree would follow. By 1998, Adelphia passed the two million-customer milestone and served approximately 5.6 million cable television customers nationwide. The company made significant strides in product development and the implementation of fiber optic technology and expanded their home and business offerings to include digital cable, local and long distance telephone services, messaging, enhanced data, high-speed Internet and video services . John Rigas managed Adelphia from its corporate headquarters in Coudersport, PA. His brother Gus sold his interest in Adelphia in 1983. And after some time, Johns sons Michael, Timothy and James, serve as executive vice presidents, directors and principal stockholders. John built Adelphia on a strong commitment to family, community, quality service and customer care which became the core values and culture of the company. The Evolution of Adelphia In August of 1986, Adelphia Communications went public. Its first three years were focused on generating revenue by increasing its customer base through mergers and acquisitions. Although the companys profitability had suffered as a result of the ambitious expansion, its revenue-generating capabilities had not. From the $30 million generated in sales during its first year, annual sales shot up to $131 million in 1988. Adelphia continued to make its presence known by making several important acquisitions of other cable systems such as the Suburban Buffalo System from Comax Telcom Corp., the South Dade System from Americable Associates, Ltd., New Castle System from Cablentertainment, Inc., and Jones Intercable which was the third largest cable system operator in New York during that time. Moreover, Adelphia entered into a partnership with unaffiliated parties to form Olympus Communications in southeast Florida which became a powerful money-making business as it served roughly 250,000 subscribers in West Palm Beach area. Adelphia was performing admirably and continued to expand by making other acquisitions and consolidation maneuvers through 1999 and 2000, bringing its subscriber base up to an impressive 5.5 million. Though the company was heavily indebted after the succession of major purchases of other cable companies, equipment, and infrastructures, analysts were looking favorably on Adelphia as late as January 2002, noting that the company was well positioned for acquisition or merger with another major cable company. The Discovery of the Fraud Oren Cohen, a high-yield-bond analyst for Merrill Lynch had followed Adelphia for a decade and thought there was something about the familys spending that didnt add up. Hed noticed that the Rigases were buying their own stock aggressively, but he couldnt figure out how they were paying for it. They didnt appear to have the cash themselves. John Rigas made $1.4 million in 2000. Michael, Tim, and James each took home $237,000. The Rigases didnt have any sources of income outside Adelphia. They never sold their stock, and it didnt pay a dividend. Cohen was pretty sure their private cable systems werent throwing off cash. But every time Cohen tried to get an explanation, Adelphia rebuffed him. On March 27, 2002, however, Adelphia officials disclosed $2.3 billion in previously unrecorded debt incurred through co-borrowings between Adelphia and other Rigas family entities under the umbrella of the familys private trust, Highland Holdings. Under these loan agreements, the Rigas entities were responsible for repaying the debt, but if they were unable to do so, Adelphia would be liable. Cohen was astounded to see the footnote disclosure and pressed Tim Rigas for details at the end of a conference call that day. Things in Coudersport quickly spun out of control as shareholders asked for clarity and transparency. The revelations and the investigation that followed sent the company spiraling deeper and deeper into a scandal that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) eventually called, one of the most extensive financial frauds ever to take place at a public company . The stock continued to fall and on May 15, 2002 John Rigas resigned as chairman and CEO.

Effect of PRF After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery

Effect of PRF After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery Post extraction wound healing and physiologic sequelae of third molar surgery can significantly affect the patient’s quality of life2. Various methods have been suggested to improve extraction socket healing and to minimize the postoperative sequelae after third molar surgery4,5. PRF is a second-generation platelet concentrate which is known to stimulate wound healing by releasing growth factors directly to the wound5,8,16,17. Recent studies demonstrated the PRF membrane has a very significant slow sustained release of key growth factors for at least 7 and up to 28 day13. Studies on PRF efficacy in enhancing wound healing have yielded differing results and also there is a divergence of opinion on the activity of PRF. Thus, there is the need for more studies to explore its use in oral and maxillofacial surgery. This study was therefore perceived to determine the effect, if any, that PRF has on postoperative sequelae and enhancement of bone healing after mandibular third molar s urgery. Patients and Methods The study sample consisted of 15 young adult volunteers 18 to 22 years old presenting with impacted mandibular third molars bilaterally and in similar positions. Patients using systemic drugs or presenting a medical history positive for any systemic pathology or a history of hypersensitivity to any component used in the methodology were not included. Each patient participated as a volunteer after signing an informed consent form on the study for extraction of impacted right and left mandibular third molars. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee prior to the commencement of the study. The following demographic information was collected: age, gender, occupation, marital status, and educational level. Furthermore, the position and type of impaction were recorded. The two operated sides in each patient were randomly divided into 2 study groups: extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar at first side whose socket was filled with blood clot and wound sutured (cont rol group), and extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar on the other side whose socket was filled with PRF gel and wound sutured (PRF group). A 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) with a score of 0 equals â€Å"no pain† and ten equals â€Å"very severe pain† was used to assess pain. Facial swelling was evaluated using a modification of the method described by Schultze-Mosgau et al9, and this entailed measuring the distances from the tragus to the oral commissure and tragus to the pogonion. The arithmetic sum of the two measurements was used to determine the facial swelling at the time point. The percentage facial swelling was calculated from the difference of the measurements made in the preoperative and postoperative periods divided by the value obtained in the preoperative period and multiplied by 100. (Swelling Postoperatively–Swelling Preoperatively) /Swelling Preoperatively X 100 Digital radiographs were used to evaluate changes in radiographic bone density for each extraction site. Three blinded dental professionals working independently evaluated all radiographs. RVG software was used for radiographic analysis. Radiographs were evaluated by three blinded dental professionals. The radiographs were assessed by obtaining the average density of three independent readings of the 3rd molar extraction socket sites. This was compared to the average of three density outlines of the adjacent tooth. When all radiographs for a patient were assessed, they were normalized to the original radiograph and the same untouched adjacent tooth. The baseline socket average was then subtracted from the normalized average for each tooth extraction socket at the different time points. The final, normalized socket value differences for each PRF-treated and non-PRF treated site for the various time points were compared. All radiographs were taken by a blinded, certified x-ray dental assistant. They were taken immediately post-operatively and at the following time after the day of surgery: 4th week, 8thweek and 12thweeks. Preparation of Platelet-Rich Fibrin PRF was prepared according to the technique described by Choukroun et al1. Twenty minutes before starting surgery, 10 mL of venous blood was collected in a sterilized dry, neutral glass tube without an anticoagulant. After immediate centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, the platelet-poor plasma, which accumulated at the top, was discarded. PRF was removed approximately 2 mm below its connection to the red corpuscle beneath to include remaining platelets, which have been proposed to localize below the junction between PRF and the red corpuscle After 10 minutes, the gel was formed, and autologous PRF was applied immediately in the socket in the PRF group. Surgical Procedure- To standardize the surgical operations, all patients were operated by the same surgeon. The mandibular third molars of which the extraction sockets would receive PRF treatment were selected randomly before surgery and these molars were operated on first. After tooth extraction, the surgical area in the PRF group was isolated with gauze and the socket was filled with PRF gel. In the control group, the socket was not filled with PRF. The flap was repositioned by an interrupted suture with 3-0 silk suture. The patients received oral and written postoperative guidance, and follow-up was scheduled according to the study periods. Because only the bilateral mandibular third molars similarly impacted were selected for the study, there was no significant difference in the time and surgical trauma associated with surgical extractions. Immediately after the procedure, details of each procedure were recorded, including the duration of surgery in minutes (from the first incision to insertion of the last suture), and any intraoperative complications. Patients were then recalled at 1, 3, 7, and 14-day postoperative intervals. During such visits, data were recorded for postoperative pain,facial swelling and any untoward complications like infection and alveolar osteitis. Sutures were removed 7 days after surgical operation. Patients were also recalled at the 4th, 8th, and 12th week postoperatively for radiographic bone healing assessment. Results The mean age of the sample population was 21.40(range 18 to 35 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the age, gender, and type of impaction between both groups. In both groups, the mean postoperative pain score (VAS) was highest at postoperative day 1 and gradually reduced over the following 14 days. The mean postoperative pain score (VAS) was higher for PRF group than control group at all-time points when compared with the control group and was not statistically significant (P The percentage facial swelling for the PRF group relative to baseline value was 2.55%, 2.22%, and 0.28% on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 respectively, whereas it was 1.86%, 1.5%, and 0.29%, respectively, in the non- PRF(control) group for the same period. The percentage facial swelling was highest at postoperative day 1 and gradually reduced over the following days for both groups. The mean percentage swelling was also higher for the PRP group at all-time points when compared with the control. However this difference also was found to be not statistically significant. The mean bone density score was higher in the PRF group than the non-PRP group over a 12-week period; and the differences were found to be statistically significant. The results of the present study clearly show that the application of autologous PRF in surgical wounds after tooth extraction allows acceleration of bone healing, as indicated by data with statistical differences (p DISCUSSION This prospective study evaluated the performance of PRF gel when applied to fresh extraction sites. Third molar extractions are often used as a measurement tool for comparing treatments because they are usually performed electively on a younger population that do not present with significant medical problems (e.g., systemic pathologies, multiple medications). Therefore, this study is especially relevant for healthy 18 to 40 year old patients. This study evaluated the effect of PRF gel on postoperative pain, swelling and bone regeneration potential on third molar extraction sockets. The mean postoperative pain score (VAS) and swelling were higher for the PRF group at all-time points as compared with the control group, but the differences obtained were found to be statistically non-significant. This suggests that topical application of PRF may not improve the postoperative sequelae after third molar surgery. Choukroun et al5 in a case report found reduced pain and better mouth opening when topical PRF gel was used in molar extraction sockets ,in contrast to this we observed increased pain and swelling when topical PRF gel was used in 3rd molar extraction socket . Intra-oral digital radiographs taken of the individual surgical sites revealed that the effects of PRF were significantly beneficial (P 6,similarly reported that the PRF induced complete bone filling of a residual cystic cavity in 2 months 2 weeks, a much shorter period than 6 to 12 months of physiologic healing. Choukroun et al7 in a case series on maxillary sinus lifting operations, 3 cases were treated with PRF and freeze-dried bone allograft mixture and 6 cases with freeze-dried bone allograft alone. Histomorphometric results of this study showed that PRF and allograft mixture accelerated bone regeneration, allowing implant placement in 4 months after maxillary sinus lifting procedure. Furthermore, the amount of newly formed bone was equivalent to that achieved with an allograft alone 8 months after surgery. Diss et al10 reported promising results after placing PRF instead of bone graft under the sinus membrane during a closed-sinus lifting technique and demonstrated that an ave rage of 3.2 mm bone gain could be obtained in the sinus after 1-year follow-up. However the results of our study does not correspond with the study from Gà ¼rbà ¼zer et al17 who reported scintigraphically, that platelet-rich fibrin might not bring about promoted activity of osteoblasts in impacted mandibular third molar sockets in 1 or 4 week after extraction. Accelerated bone formation observed is in contrast to the drop in bone density seen at the control site before bone formation began to take place. It took approximately 6 weeks for the control sites to reach the same bone density that the PRF-treated site had reached by 4 weeks. The PRF-induced acceleration in bone formation may be due to the presence of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in PRF that stimulates mesenchymal stem cells to begin osteoblast differentiation and subsequent calcification12,14,18. The immediate start of bone formation seen with PRF treatment is of clinical relevance because it is the initial 2 weeks following bone manipulation in oral surgery that are important in preventing infection, loss of the blood clot and/or dry socket formation. Digital panoramic radiographs might have been a better choice than digital periapical radiographs, as the 2 surgical sites would be represented on 1 film, eliminating the need for normalization between the sites. The disadvantage of digital panoramic radiographs is that these films have a 20 to 25% distortion factor because it is an extra-oral film, as opposed to the intra-oral individual (periapical) radiographs.The digital periapical radiograph was chosen over the panoramic radiograph due to the lower distortion, which results from being in close proximity to the site being evaluated. The CT scans might have exhibited greater differences between the PRF treated sites and the control sites, had they been obtained. Similarly Digital substraction radiography and histomorphometry have provided more sensitive methods of assessing bone healing but are quite invasive and expensive especially in a resource limited environment. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that topical application of autologous PRF gel has a beneficial effect on the osseous healing of extraction sockets after third molar surgery but may not minimize the postoperative sequelae after 3rd molar surgery as its use was found to be associated with increased postoperative pain and swelling . However, a larger sample size in a multicenter study may be necessary before its routine use in extraction socket can be justified